How chronic diseases impact red blood cells

Red blood cells (RBCs), also known as erythrocytes, play a key role in maintaining overall health by transporting oxygen to various tissues and organs.

However, certain chronic diseases can adversely affect RBC function, leading to complications. In this article, we explore the impact of chronic diseases, like diabetes and kidney disease, on RBCs and their implications for overall health, but let's first understand the function of red blood cells.

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Red blood cells and their function

Red blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body.

Their unique structure, which includes the protein hemoglobin, allows them to bind and transport oxygen efficiently. Adequate RBC production and proper functioning are essential for maintaining optimal oxygen levels in tissues and organs.

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How diabetes affects red blood cells?

Diabetes can shorten the lifespan of red blood cells.(Image via Pexels)

• Glycation: In diabetes, high blood sugar level can lead to a process called glycation. Excess glucose molecules can attach to hemoglobin, forming glycated hemoglobin or HbA1c. This process can affect ability of RBCs to release oxygen efficiently, leading to tissue hypoxia.
• Reduced lifespan: Diabetes can shorten the lifespan of RBCs. Elevated blood sugar level can cause oxidative stress, damaging the cell membrane and reducing RBC survival. That results in a decreased RBC count and impaired oxygen delivery.
• Increased risk of anaemia: Chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes can contribute to development of anaemia. The reduced lifespan and impaired production of RBCs, coupled with other factors like nutritional deficiencies and kidney complications, can lead to anaemia in individuals with diabetes.

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How kidney diseases affect red blood cells

• Erythropoietin deficiency: The kidneys produce a hormone called erythropoietin (EPO), which stimulates production of RBCs in the bone marrow. In kidney disease, the production of EPO may be impaired, resulting in decreased RBC production and subsequent anemia.
• Uremic toxins: Kidney dysfunction can lead to accumulation of uremic toxins in the bloodstream. These toxins can directly damage RBCs, impair their function and contribute to anemia.
• Iron and nutrient deficiencies: Kidney disease can affect the body's ability to properly absorb and utilize certain nutrients, including iron. Iron deficiency can lead to decreased RBC production and anemia.

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How other chronic diseases affect red blood cells?

• Autoimmune disorders: Autoimmune disorders like lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and systemic sclerosis can cause immune system dysfunction, leading to destruction of RBCs and development of autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
• Chronic inflammatory conditions: Chronic inflammatory diseases like inflammatory bowel disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and certain cancers can disrupt RBC production and impair their function.
• Chronic kidney disease: Apart from impacting RBC production, the aforementioned diseases can also lead to mineral and bone disorders that affect the health of RBCs.

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Chronic diseases can have a significant impact on red blood cells, compromising their production, function and lifespan.

Conditions like diabetes, kidney disease, autoimmune disorders and chronic inflammatory diseases can contribute to anemia, impaired oxygen transport, and other complications.

Understanding the relationship between chronic diseases and RBCs is crucial for effective management and prevention of further health complications. By addressing the underlying causes, healthcare professionals can work towards optimizing RBC function and improving overall health of individuals with chronic diseases.